注释
- 单行注释
#
- 多行注释
''' '''
或者""" """
获取变量类型
使用type
函数来获取变量的类型:1
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5number = 9
print(type(number)) # print <class 'int'>
float_number = 9.0
print(type(float_number)) # print <class 'float'>
**强转
python强转通过函数来强转,如:1
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5float_number = 9.0
print(float_number)
print(int(float_number)) # 强转为int
print(str(float_number)) # 强转为字符串
print(float(float_number)) # 强转为float
次方
Python提供次方操作符**
:1
2number = 9.0
print(number ** 3) # print 81.0
链式比较
Python链式比较同时进行,如下面的:1
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6one = 1
two = 2
three = 3
# 等同于 one < two 和 two < three 同时进行比较
print(one < two < three) # print True
索引下标负值
Python的索引下标可以是负值,从最后一个开始计数,从-1
开始:1
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3long_string = "This is a very long string!"
exclamation = long_string[-1]
print(exclamation) # print !
slicing
通过[start:end]
来切割字符串:1
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5monty_python = "Monty Python"
monty = monty_python[:5] # monty_python[:5] is equal to monty_python[0:5]
print(monty) # print Monty
python = monty_python[6:] #
print(python) # print Python
同时也能切割数组1
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4squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] # create new list
print(squares) # print [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
print(squares[1:-1]) # print [4, 9, 16]
字符串格式化
在Python中,采用的格式化方式和C语言是一致的,用%
实现:1
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4name = "Jowan"
print("Hello, PyCharm! My name is %s!" % name) # print Hello, PyCharm! My name is Jowan!
years = 25
print("I'm %d years old" % years) # print I'm 25 years old
占位符 | 替换内容 |
---|---|
%d | 整数 |
%f | 浮点数 |
%s | 字符串 |
%x | 十六进制整数 |
格式化整数和浮点数还可以指定是否补0和整数与小数的位数:1
2print('%2d-%02d' % (3, 1)) # print 3-01
print('%.2f' % 3.1415926) # print 3.14
另一种格式化的方法:1
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7# format
print("{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted"))
# print strings can be formatted
# 或者自定义
print("{name} can be {food}".format(food="lasagna", name="Bob"))
# print Bob can be lasagna
数组增删改
通过append
函数添加一个item,通过+=
添加多个:1
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7animals = ['elephant', 'lion', 'tiger', "giraffe"] # create new list
animals += ["monkey", 'dog'] # add two items
print(animals) # print ['elephant', 'lion', 'tiger', 'giraffe', 'monkey', 'dog']
animals.append("dino") # add
print(animals) # print ['elephant', 'lion', 'tiger', 'giraffe', 'monkey', 'dog', 'dino']
数组的item替换:1
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5animals = ['elephant', 'lion', 'tiger', "giraffe", "monkey", 'dog']
animals[1:3] = ['cat'] # replace 2 items
print(animals) # print ['elephant', 'cat', 'giraffe', 'monkey', 'dog']
animals[0] = 'lion'
print(animals) # print ['lion', 'monkey', 'dog']
通过remove
函数删除item,或者直接替换删除:1
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7animals = ['elephant', 'lion', 'tiger', "giraffe", "monkey", 'dog'] # create new list
animals[1:3] = ['cat'] # replace 2 items
print(animals) # print ['elephant', 'cat', 'giraffe', 'monkey', 'dog']
animals[1:3] = [] # remove 2 items
print(animals) # print ['elephant', 'monkey', 'dog']
通过clear
函数清空数组内容:1
animals.clear()
tuple元祖
元组与列表几乎相同,元组和列表之间唯一的重要区别是元组不能被改变:你不能从元组中添加,改变或者删除元素。
元组由括号内的逗号运算符构成:1
2alphabet = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o',
'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z')
单个项目元组必须有一个尾随逗号:1
2alphabet = ('b', )
beta = ('d', )
dict
Python的dict
(dictionary
)类似与Map
,使用key-value
存储。1
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11# create new dictionary.
phone_book = {"John": 123, "Jane": 234, "Jerard": 345}
print(phone_book) # print {'John': 123, 'Jane': 234, 'Jerard': 345}
# 添加
phone_book["Jill"] = 345
print(phone_book) # print {'John': 123, 'Jane': 234, 'Jerard': 345, 'Jill': 345}
# 删除
del phone_book['John']
print(phone_book) # print {'John': 123, 'Jane': 234, 'Jerard': 345, 'Jill': 345}
或者键值对对应值:1
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16phone_book = {"John": 123, "Jane": 234, "Jerard": 345}
print(phone_book.keys()) # print dict_keys(['John', 'Jane', 'Jerard', 'Jill'])
print(phone_book.values()) # print
keys = phone_book.keys() # print dict_values([123, 234, 345, 456])
for key in keys:
print(phone_book[key])
"""
print
123
234
345
456
"""
布尔操作
Python的或||
用or
表示,和&&
用and
表示:1
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6name = "John"
age = 17
print(name == "John" or age == 17) # print True
print(name == "John" and age == 23) # print False
Python的布尔操作不是按顺序的,而是is
和not
先执行,or
再执行,and
是最后执行的:1
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8name = "John"
age = 17
print(name == "John" or not age > 17) # print True
print(name == "Ellis" or not age > 17) # print True
print(name is "Ellis" or not (name == "John" and age == 17)) # print False
条件判断
Python的条件判断是没有括号的,通过冒号:
开始,代码块缩进:1
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8age = 20
if age >= 6:
print('teenager')
elif age >= 18:
print('adult')
else:
print('kid')
# 打印teenager
if
语句执行有个特点,它是从上往下判断,如果在某个判断上是True
,把该判断对应的语句执行后,就忽略掉剩下的elif
和else
if
语句的完整形式就是:1
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8if <条件判断1>:
<执行1>
elif <条件判断2>:
<执行2>
elif <条件判断3>:
<执行3>
else:
<执行4>
for循环1
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3# for each number i in range 0-4.
for i in range(5): # range(5) function returns list [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
print(i)
用于字符串:1
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4hello_world = "Hello, World!"
for ch in hello_world: # print each character from hello_world
print(ch)
while循环1
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8square = 1
# 当square小于或等于10的时候循环
while square <= 10:
print(square)
square += 1
print("Finished") # This code is executed once
break和continue
break1
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8count = 0
while True:
print(count)
count += 1
if count >= 5:
break
# print 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
continue1
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4for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i) # print 0, 1, 2, 4
try/except
使用try/except
代码块来处理异常:1
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5try:
# 使用 raise 来抛出一个错误
raise IndexError("This is an index error")
except IndexError as e:
pass
感谢